Corrigendum: CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8+ T-cell count as prognostic markers for non-AIDS mortality in people living with HIV. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343124.].

CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8+ T-cell count as prognostic markers for non-AIDS mortality in people living with HIV. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: In people living with HIV (PLHIV), the CD4/CD8 ratio has been proposed as a useful marker for non-AIDS events. However, its predictive ability on mortality over CD4 counts, and the role of CD8+ T-cell counts remain controversial. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies from 1996 to 2023, including PLHIV on antiretroviral treatment, and reporting CD4/CD8 ratio or CD8+ counts. The primary outcome was non-AIDS mortality or all-cause mortality. We performed a standard random-effects pairwise meta-analysis comparing low versus high CD4/CD8 ratio with a predefined cut-off point of 0.5. (CRD42020170931). Findings: We identified 2,479 studies for screening. 20 studies were included in the systematic review. Seven studies found an association between low CD4/CD8 ratio categories and increased mortality risk, with variable cut-off points between 0.4-1. Four studies were selected for meta-analysis, including 12,893 participants and 618 reported deaths. Patients with values of CD4/CD8 ratio below 0.5 showed a higher mortality risk (OR 3.65; 95% CI 3.04 - 4.35; I2 = 0.00%) compared to those with higher values. While the meta-analysis of CD8+ T-cell counts was not feasible due to methodological differences between studies, the systematic review suggests a negative prognostic impact of higher values (>1,138 to 1,500 cells/uL) in the long term. Conclusions: Our results support the use of the CD4/CD8 ratio as a prognostic marker in clinical practice, especially in patients with values below 0.5, but consensus criteria on ratio timing measurement, cut-off values, and time to event are needed in future studies to get more robust conclusions. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020170931, identifier CRD42020170931.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in acute-on-chronic liver failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / Factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos en el fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios aleatorizados controlados

Background and aims: A dysfunctional immune response is key to the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). It has been suggested that treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases survival in patients with ACLF by improving immune cell dysfunction and promoting liver regeneration. The aim of the study is to evaluate the survival benefit associated with G-CSF administration compared with standard medical therapy (SMT) in ACLF. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was survival at 60–90 days. We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to August 2021. Manual searches of reference lists in relevant articles and conference proceedings were also included. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used for quality and risk of bias assessment. Two independent investigators extracted the data, and disagreements were solved by a third collaborator. Results: The initial search identified 142 studies. Four randomized controlled trials were selected for quantitative analysis including 310 patients (154 G-CSF and 156 SMT). Significant heterogeneity was observed (I2=74%, Chi2=11.57, p=0.009). G-CSF administration did not improve survival in patients with ACLF (random-effects model, risk ratio=0.64 [95% CI 0.39, 1.07]). However, when considering only the results from the studies performed in Asia, a significant decrease on mortality was observed (risk ratio=0.53 [95% CI 0.35, 0.81]). Severity scores (MELD and Child) and CD34+ peripheral cells mobilization did not significantly improve with G-CSF. Conclusion. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, G-CSF administration did not significantly improve overall survival compared to SMT in patients with ACLF...(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: La respuesta inmune disfuncional es clave en la patogénesis del fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico (ACLF). Se ha sugerido que la utilización de factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos (G-CSF) aumenta la supervivencia de los pacientes con ACLF al mejorar la disfunción inmune y promover la regeneración hepática. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el beneficio en supervivencia que proporciona la administración de G-CSF en comparación con el tratamiento médico estándar (SMT) en pacientes con ACLF. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de estudios aleatorizados y controlados. El objetivo principal fue analizar la supervivencia a los 60-90 días. Se realizó una búsqueda en Ovid Medline, EMBASE, y el registro central de estudios controlados de Cochrane desde su inicio hasta agosto 2021. También se realizaron búsquedas manuales en la bibliografía de artículos relevantes y presentaciones a congresos. Se utilizó la herramienta revisada de Cochrane para analizar la calidad y el riesgo de sesgos. Los datos fueron extraídos por dos investigadores independientes y las discrepancias fueron resueltas por un tercer investigador. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial identificó 142 estudios. De estos, 4 aleatorizados y controlados fueron elegidos para el análisis cuantitativo, incluyendo un total de 310 pacientes (154 G-CSF y 156 SMT). Se objetivó un alto grado de heterogeneidad entre los estudios (I2 = 74%, Chi 2 = 11.57, p = 0.009). La administración de G-CSF no aumentó la supervivencia en el grupo de pacientes con ACLF (modelo de efectos aleatorios, risk ratio = 0.64 [95% CI 0.39, 1.07]). Sin embargo, cuando se analizó el subgrupo de estudios realizados en Asia, sí se objetivó una disminución significativa de la mortalidad (risk ratio = 0.53 [95% CI 0.35, 0.81]). Las escalas de gravedad (MELD y Child) y la movilización de células CD34+ periféricas no mejoró significativamente tras la administración de G-CSF....(AU)

Contribution of Low CD4 Cell Counts and High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral Load to the Efficacy of Preferred First-Line Antiretroviral Regimens for Treating HIV Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We assessed whether low CD4 count and high viral load (VL) affect the response to currently preferred ART. We performed a systematic review of randomized, controlled clinical trials that analyzed preferred first-line ART and a subgroup analysis by CD4 count (≤ or >200 CD4/µL) or VL (≤ or >100 000 copies/mL). We computed the odds ratio (OR) of treatment failure (TF) for each subgroup and individual treatment arm. Patients with ≤200 CD4 cells or VL ≥100 000 copies/mL showed an increased likelihood of TF at 48 weeks: OR, 1.94; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45-2.61 and OR, 1.75; 95% CI: 1.30-2.35, respectively. A similar increase in the risk of TF was observed at 96 weeks. There was no significant heterogeneity regarding integrase strand transfer inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone. Our results show that CD4 <200 cells/µL and VL ≥100,000 copies/mL impair ART efficacy in all preferred regimens.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in acute-on-chronic liver failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A dysfunctional immune response is key to the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). It has been suggested that treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases survival in patients with ACLF by improving immune cell dysfunction and promoting liver regeneration. The aim of the study is to evaluate the survival benefit associated with G-CSF administration compared with standard medical therapy (SMT) in ACLF. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was survival at 60-90 days. We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to August 2021. Manual searches of reference lists in relevant articles and conference proceedings were also included. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used for quality and risk of bias assessment. Two independent investigators extracted the data, and disagreements were solved by a third collaborator. RESULTS: The initial search identified 142 studies. Four randomized controlled trials were selected for quantitative analysis including 310 patients (154 G-CSF and 156 SMT). Significant heterogeneity was observed (I2=74%, Chi2=11.57, p=0.009). G-CSF administration did not improve survival in patients with ACLF (random-effects model, risk ratio=0.64 [95% CI 0.39, 1.07]). However, when considering only the results from the studies performed in Asia, a significant decrease on mortality was observed (risk ratio=0.53 [95% CI 0.35, 0.81]). Severity scores (MELD and Child) and CD34+ peripheral cells mobilization did not significantly improve with G-CSF. CONCLUSION: In a systematic review and meta-analysis, G-CSF administration did not significantly improve overall survival compared to SMT in patients with ACLF. The beneficial effects observed in Asian studies, as opposed to the European region, suggest that specific populations may benefit from further research aiming to identify certain subgroups with favourable outcomes when using G-CSF.

Smartphone-RCCT: an online repository of randomized controlled clinical trials of smartphone applications for chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions have a big impact on disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Smartphone health applications (apps) can improve the health of patients with chronic conditions and enhance the quality and efficiency of healthcare. The number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of smartphone health apps is increasing, but a collection of the available evidence into a single database is still missing. The purpose of this study is to describe Smartphone-RCCT, which is an in-progress database of RCTs of smartphone apps for chronic conditions. METHODS: For a study to be included in the database, the following criteria had to be met: (a) RCT published in a peer-reviewed journal; (b) population: adult study participants with one or several chronic conditions that represent the main health problem addressed by the study intervention; (c) intervention: smartphone health app used by the patient; (d) comparator: any control condition; (e) outcomes: any patient-reported health outcome (studies exclusively measuring the patients' knowledge about the chronic conditions or their satisfaction with the smartphone app were excluded); (f) sample size: at least 15 participants per study arm. We searched in electronic databases and other resources to identify relevant studies. Two reviewers selected the studies and extracted data independently. Annual updates are planned. RESULTS: The proposed database is called Smartphone-RCCT, an open-access repository collecting bibliographic references and important characteristics of RCTs of smartphone apps for chronic conditions. The database is available for free in Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/nxerf/ . To date, it includes 70 trials. Their references can be exported to standard reference management software and the extracted data is available in a Microsoft Excel file. CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone-RCCT is the first systematic open-access database collecting peer-reviewed publications of RCTs of smartphone apps for patients with chronic conditions. The database accelerates the delivery of evidence-based information in a dynamic research field. It represents an essential resource for different stakeholders, such as professionals working in evidence synthesis, meta-epidemiological studies, or planning an RCT.

Use of benznidazole to treat chronic Chagas disease: An updated systematic review with a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 6 million people worldwide are affected by Chagas disease, with many in the chronic phase of the disease (CCD). It is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of benznidazole for CCD treatment. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We updated a meta-analysis published in 2009 up to February 2021, including controlled trials (RCT) and prospective observational studies (OBS) that compared benznidazole vs placebo/no-treatment (P/nT). Main outcomes evaluated were clinical progression (CP) and seroreversion with subgroup analysis performed according to study design and participants' age. Parasitological response and safety were also described. We identified 879 articles and selected nine for inclusion (corresponding to eight studies). After adding the nine articles from the previous meta-analysis, 17 studies were analyzed corresponding to 6640 patients. The odds ratio (OR) for seroreversion in children treated with benznidazole vs P/nT was 38.3 (95%CI: 10.7-137) and 34.9 (95%CI: 1.96-624.09) in RCT and OBS, respectively. In adults the OR for seroreversion in OBS was 17.1 (95%CI: 2.3-129.1). CP was only evaluated in adults, where benznidazole did not demonstrate a beneficial effect: OR 0.93 (95%CI: 0.8-1.1) and OR 0.49 (95%CI:0.2-1.2) for RCT and OBS, respectively. Most outcomes were deemed to have a low level of certainty, except for the beneficial effect in children and the low efficacy in adults (moderate certainty). CONCLUSIONS: Benznidazole should be recommended for CCD in children, though this is only based on serological response and a moderate grade of evidence, while in adults benznidazole efficacy remains uncertain. More data on clinical efficacy of benznidazole in CCD is needed in both children and adults.

Development and evaluation of a search filter to identify prognostic factor studies in Ovid MEDLINE.

BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews (SRs) are valuable resources as they address specific clinical questions by summarizing all existing relevant studies. However, finding all information to include in systematic reviews can be challenging. Methodological search filters have been developed to find articles related to specific clinical questions. To our knowledge, no filter exists for finding studies on the role of prognostic factor (PF). We aimed to develop and evaluate a search filter to identify PF studies in Ovid MEDLINE that has maximum sensitivity. METHODS: We followed current recommendations for the development of a search filter by first identifying a reference set of PF studies included in relevant systematic reviews on the topic, and by selecting search terms using a word frequency analysis complemented with an expert panel discussion. We evaluated filter performance using the relative recall methodology. RESULTS: We constructed a reference set of 73 studies included in six systematic reviews from a larger sample. After completing a word frequency analysis using the reference set studies, we compiled a list of 80 of the frequent methodological terms. This list of terms was evaluated by the Delphi panel for inclusion in the filter, resulting in a final set of 8 appropriate terms. The consecutive connection of these terms with the Boolean operator OR produced the filter. We then evaluated the filter using the relative recall method against the reference set, comparing the references included in the SRs with our new search using the filter. The overall sensitivity of the filter was calculated to be 95%, while the overall specificity was 41%. The precision of the filter varied considerably, ranging from 0.36 to 17%. The NNR (number needed to read) value varied largely from 6 to 278. The time saved by using the filter ranged from 13-70%. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a search filter for OVID-Medline with acceptable performance that could be used in systematic reviews of PF studies. Using this filter could save as much as 40% of the title and abstract screening task. The specificity of the filter could be improved by defining additional terms to be included, although it is important to evaluate any modification to guarantee the filter is still highly sensitive.

Antireflux mucosectomy (ARMS) and antireflux mucosal ablation (ARMA) for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and study aims Antireflux mucosectomy (ARMS) and antireflux mucosal ablation (ARMA) are new endoscopic procedures for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We conducted a meta-analysis to systematically assess the feasibility, clinical success, and safety of these procedures. Patients and methods We searched Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Central from inception to October 2020. Overlapping reports, animal studies, and case reports were excluded. Our primary outcomes were clinical success and adverse events (AEs). Secondary outcomes included technical success, endoscopic esophagitis, 24-hour pH monitoring, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. A random effects model was used to pool data. Results In total, 15 nonrandomized studies (12 ARMS, n = 331; 3 ARMA, n = 130) were included; 10 were conducted in patients with refractory GERD. The technical success rate was 100 %. The pooled short-term (first assessment within the first 6 months), 1-year, and 3-year clinical success rates were 78 % (95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 70 %-85 %), 72% (95 %CI 47 %-92 %), and 73 % (95 %CI 65 %-81 %), respectively. ARMS and ARMA yielded similar clinical success. The proportion of patients off PPIs at 1 year was 64 % (95 %CI 52 %-75 %). There were significant drops ( P  < 0.01) in validated clinical questionnaires scores, presence of esophagitis, and acid exposure time. The most common AE (11 %, 95 %CI 8 %-15 %) was dysphagia requiring dilation (7%, 95 %CI 5 %-11 %). Four cases of perforation were recorded, all in patients undergoing ARMS. Conclusions Our meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies suggests that ARMS and ARMA are safe and effective for patients with GERD.

Prognostic models for mortality after cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis: a systematic review and aggregation of prediction models.

BACKGROUND: There are several prognostic models to estimate the risk of mortality after surgery for active infective endocarditis (IE). However, these models incorporate different predictors and their performance is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We systematically reviewed and critically appraised all available prediction models of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing surgery for IE, and aggregated them into a meta-model. DATA SOURCES: We searched Medline and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included studies that developed or updated a prognostic model of postoperative mortality in patient with IE. METHODS: We assessed the risk of bias of the models using PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) and we aggregated them into an aggregate meta-model based on stacked regressions and optimized it for a nationwide registry of IE patients. The meta-model performance was assessed using bootstrap validation methods and adjusted for optimism. RESULTS: We identified 11 prognostic models for postoperative mortality. Eight models had a high risk of bias. The meta-model included weighted predictors from the remaining three models (EndoSCORE, specific ES-I and specific ES-II), which were not rated as high risk of bias and provided full model equations. Additionally, two variables (age and infectious agent) that had been modelled differently across studies, were estimated based on the nationwide registry. The performance of the meta-model was better than the original three models, with the corresponding performance measures: C-statistics 0.79 (95% CI 0.76-0.82), calibration slope 0.98 (95% CI 0.86-1.13) and calibration-in-the-large -0.05 (95% CI -0.20 to 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-model outperformed published models and showed a robust predictive capacity for predicting the individualized risk of postoperative mortality in patients with IE. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020192602).

Sex as a prognostic factor for mortality in critically ill adults with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of sex as an independent prognostic factor for mortality in patients with sepsis admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry from inception to 17 July 2020. STUDY SELECTION: Studies evaluating independent associations between sex and mortality in critically ill adults with sepsis controlling for at least one of five core covariate domains prespecified following a literature search and consensus among experts. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two authors independently extracted and assessed the risk of bias using Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. Meta-analysis was performed by pooling adjusted estimates. The Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: From 14 304 records, 13 studies (80 520 participants) were included. Meta-analysis did not find sex-based differences in all-cause hospital mortality (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.32; very low-certainty evidence) and all-cause ICU mortality (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.78; very low-certainty evidence). However, females presented higher 28-day all-cause mortality (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.32; very low-certainty evidence) and lower 1-year all-cause mortality (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.98; low-certainty evidence). There was a moderate risk of bias in the domain adjustment for other prognostic factors in six studies, and the certainty of evidence was further affected by inconsistency and imprecision. CONCLUSION: The prognostic independent effect of sex on all-cause hospital mortality, 28-day all-cause mortality and all-cause ICU mortality for critically ill adults with sepsis was uncertain. Female sex may be associated with decreased 1-year all-cause mortality. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019145054.

Comparison of in situ preservation techniques for kidneys from donors after circulatory death: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several techniques have been developed to reduce the warm ischaemic injury of donation after circulatory death (DCD) organs before procurement. There are scarce data about the in situ preservation techniques for kidney graft outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the best in situ preservation method for kidney graft outcomes from organs obtained from controlled and uncontrolled DCD. METHODS: A systematic review of the PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, LILACS and Cochrane databases was conducted. Studies that compare two or more in situ preservation techniques were identified and included. Only studies which provided enough data to calculate odds ratio were eligible for meta-analysis. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020179598. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 7,121 studies. Ultimately, 14 retrospective studies were included. Because of heterogeneity, the included studies provided weak evidence that normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) is the best in situ preservation technique in terms of delayed graft function (DGF) rates. Regarding primary nonfunction (PNF), we carried out a meta-analysis of 10 studies with a pooled OR of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.40-1.71), for the NRP. In regard to DGF, pooled OR for NRP was 0.36 (95% CI: 0.25-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: NRP in the DCD donor could improve kidney graft function and be considered the in situ preservation technique of choice for abdominal organs.

Impact of Biological Agents on Imaging and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: The effect of biologics on the risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with psoriasis is still unclear despite their widespread use. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of licensed biological therapies on imaging and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with psoriasis by a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies published before 1 June 2020 was performed in Medline-Ovid, EMBASE, and CENTRAL using a predefined strategy to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: Five studies were included for the final examination, and two studies were included in the meta-analysis. We did not find a significant reduction in aortic vascular inflammation in patients treated with adalimumab compared with those who received placebo at weeks 12-16. There was no beneficial effect on imaging biomarkers (aortic vascular inflammation or flow-mediated dilatation) of cardiovascular disease risk in patients exposed to biological therapies (adalimumab and secukinumab) compared with those exposed to placebo, except for ustekinumab showing a reduction in aortic vascular inflammation at week 12 but not at week 52 after the open-label extension period. The strongest reduction in blood-based cardiometabolic risk biomarkers was observed with adalimumab (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and GlycA) and phototherapy (CRP and IL-6) compared with that observed with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Randomized controlled trials show that ustekinumab reduces aortic vascular inflammation and that TNF-α inhibitors and phototherapy reduce CRP and IL-6. These surrogate marker findings require randomized controlled trials evaluating cardiovascular events to inform clinical practice.

Who is blocking access to PubMed? Educational 'Escape Room' for medical residents.

Teaching students how to conduct bibliographic searches in health sciences' databases is essential training. One of the challenges librarians face is how to motivate students during classroom learning. In this article, two hospital libraries, in Spain, used Escape rooms as a method of bringing creativity, teamwork, communication and critical thinking into bibliographic search instruction. Escape rooms are a series of puzzles that must be solved to exit the game. This article explores the methods used for integrating escape rooms into training programmes and evaluates the results. Escape Rooms are a useful tool that can be integrated into residents' training to support their instruction on bibliographic searches. This kind of learning stablishes competences like logical thinking and deductive approaching. These aspects aid participants to make their own decision and to develop social and intellectual skills.

Evaluation of the role of sex as a prognostic factor in critically ill adults with sepsis: systematic review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Recently, it has been recognised that sex may contribute to a differential risk for developing sepsis and it remains uncertain if the prognosis of sepsis varies between the sexes. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the available evidence to assess the role of sex as a prognostic factor in patients with sepsis managed in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a systematic review protocol of prognostic studies of sex in patients with sepsis managed in the ICU. The primary outcomes include all-cause hospital mortality and all-cause hospital mortality during the first 28 days. The secondary outcomes include all-cause hospital mortality during the first 7 days and all-cause mortality at 1 year. We will conduct a search strategy based on the population (sepsis), the prognostic factor (sex), the outcome of interest (mortality) and prognostic study methods. We will search in the following databases up to December 2019: MEDLINE Ovid (from 1976), Embase Elsevier (from 1974), Web of Science and two trial registries. We will impose no language restrictions. Two authors will independently screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles for eligibility of studies, and subsequently extract data. Two authors will independently assess the risk of bias of each study using the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool. If possible, we will carry out a meta-analysis to provide a pooled prognostic effect estimate for each outcome. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system to assess the quality of evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval will not be required. Findings from this review will be reported in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Additionally, the results will be disseminated at conferences and in the mass media. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019145054.